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To further assess the role of intrinsic predispositions, we compared the degree to which the chimpanzees at Kalinzu (Uganda) and Wamba (DRC) manipulated objects. Bonobos from Kalinzu spent more time manipulating objects than bonobos from Wamba. In addition, unlike for chimpanzees from Wamba, chimpanzees at Kalinzu also spent more time playing with objects. It is unclear why this difference between the sites exists, but it may be that the relative abundance of immature individuals at Kalinzu compared to Wamba allowed for more opportunities for social learning and object manipulation. In any case, this raises the interesting question of whether intrinsic motivations may be more important for the evolution of tool use than previously thought. Four points are worth noting. First, the level of play behaviour is a good indicator of the need to manipulate objects for social purposes (children and bonobos) but not for self-rewarding purposes (apes in captivity or older human children). Second, the difference between the two species in the manipulation of objects is greater than the difference in solitary play.
The results indicated that the tool-retrieving task, with no tool-free control condition, elicited the highest levels of tool-use behavior in both chimpanzees and bonobos, and the tool-retrieving/tool-use task elicited the highest levels of tool-use behavior in chimpanzees. Contrary to our prediction, however, the bonobos showed higher levels of tool-use behavior in the tool-retrieving task than the chimpanzees, whereas chimpanzees showed higher levels of tool-use behavior in the tool-retrieving/tool-use task than the bonobos. This pattern of results was not attributable to differences in the subjects’ experience or motivation levels, nor to any differences in the subjects’ motivation to participate in the tasks. Taken together, these results showed that the between species difference in the tool-use behavior of chimpanzees and bonobos is not due to differences in their intrinsic motivation for tool use.
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